Definition
Replaced flint-and-steel ignition with a percussion cap, representing the most direct change in firearms after the flintlock.
How it differs from the flintlock
A caplock firearm changes the ignition system to a hammer-struck percussion cap. It is one implementation of a complete firearm using percussion ignition and should not be equated with all percussion mechanisms. Forsyth’s 1807 patent is also not proof that the copper-cap firearm had already reached its established form. Caplock firearms gradually came into use during the first half of the 19th century, both as newly manufactured guns and as conversions of older firearms.
Caplock firearms can be smoothbore or rifled, and they need not all be muzzleloaders. The next entry, “percussion rifled muzzleloader,” is therefore an important combination of these features, rather than a next generation through which all caplock firearms necessarily passed.
Additional Chinese history
Qing-dynasty sources use names such as “铜帽枪” (tongmaoqiang, or copper-cap firearm). Research by Hu Jianzhong of the Palace Museum cites records from the 25th year of the Daoguang reign and discusses Qing-court records of manufacturing percussion firearms. The National Museum of Taiwan History also uses “火帽擊發槍” (percussion-cap firearm) as a collection-object name. Adoption and manufacture in China should be recorded here, rather than jumping directly from flintlocks to modern bolt-action rifles. Tongmaoqiang is a historical term; individual objects must still be distinguished by their rifling and loading mechanisms.
Principles and impact
Problems solved
- Reduced the dependence of flint-spark ignition on weather and the condition of ignition materials.
Principles
- A hammer strikes the percussion cap to initiate ignition.
Improvements
- No longer relied on striking flint to produce sparks.
Significance
- Connected early firearms with later firing-pin-operated firearms using self-contained cartridges.
History and applications
People
Alexander John Forsyth (pioneer of percussion mechanisms)
Organizations
Not recorded
Events
Surviving firearm from Lovell’s 1836 percussion trials、Qing-dynasty records concerning copper-cap firearms from the 25th year of the Daoguang reign
Applications
Infantry long guns
Limitations
- More reliable ignition does not mean automatic loading; early firearms retained the loading constraints of their respective designs.
Upstream and downstream relations
Upstream
Sources: Lovell与Pattern 1842等击发枪馆藏目录 (Collection Catalogue of Lovell, Pattern 1842, and Other Percussion Firearms)Percussion Sporting Gun, c. 1828
Sources: Percussion Sporting Gun, c. 1828Lovell与Pattern 1842等击发枪馆藏目录 (Collection Catalogue of Lovell, Pattern 1842, and Other Percussion Firearms)
Downstream
Sources: Pattern 1853 Enfield Percussion Rifle Musket, Manufactured in 1856Lovell与Pattern 1842等击发枪馆藏目录 (Collection Catalogue of Lovell, Pattern 1842, and Other Percussion Firearms)